America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

America - Essay Example This Constitution is the supreme law which governs the U.S.A. in all aspects of the political arena, be it be the legislative, executive or judiciary. This Constitution is the landmark legal document of U.S.A. which oversees all affairs. Changes in the constitution can have a lot of repurcussions for the countrymen. It determines the rights of every citizen, be it be a minority or a Black. It was in effect from 17th September 1787 in Philadelphia. Being the oldest Federal constitution in existence, we can expect it to have been amended the most with changing times. It has been in subsistence for long and the affect of many shifting eras would be prominent in it. The Founding Fathers are those who framed the constitution and had a say in the Declaration of Independence. The Forefathers were a figure of 55 men who represented the great leadership that America received in the 18th century. Each one of them was a prominent and important inidividual in their own sphere. They all were well-educated and had been participating actively in national affairs. Drafting the constitution was no minor responsibility. They put all their energy and brains in coming up with the best possible constitution. Whether it was the Revolution or the U.S. Army, most of them had powerful positions of command in these areas. Their far-reaching political experience and the sweat they put in making the Constitution would make them reluctant to accept changes in it. But the number of editions and supplements that are now available of the United States Consitution speaks loud and clear that the Founding Fathers would definitely be hit with ground-breaking realities of chan ging times and the resultant mould of their dear Constitution. THE CONSTITUTION AS THEY MADE IT The Constitution was laid down with seven major articles, one each for legislative power, executive power, judicial power, states' powers and limits, process of amendments, federal power and ratification. Whether it was the manner of elections or the qualifications for office, the kinds of cases that may be heard by the federal judiciary or the relationship amongst the states, the process needed to go through for amendments in the Constitution or the amount of federal power in the hands of the leaders, the requirements for ratification of the Constitution the Founding Fathers had decided it all! Even the people of the past knew that amendments cannot be avoided. However, they did not want the change process to be too easy for hastening and unplanned changes to take effect. CHANGES THAT WOULD SURPRISE THEM! After the original Constitution was passed, there were a total of 27 amendments in it. These amendments were aimed at changing various aspects of the political scene, such as controlling the scope of federal power or the method of presidential elections.BILL OF RIGHTS The first ten, collectively, came to be known as the Bill of Rights and was promulgated between 1789 and 1791. They all are concerned with decreasing and restricting the power of the federal Government. As the Bill of Righ

Effects of Globalization on the Labor Market

Effects of Globalization on the Labor Market Nowadays, the unemployment rates in the United States are significantly increasing. Many people are losing their jobs. Therefore, many people are trying to find out the reason that causes this high unemployment rates. In spite of the government and individual decision is one of the factors that affect the employment rates; however certainty globalization is also the main factor of this issue. One the connection between globalization and unemployment is the number of competitors rising, which make some local firm has no matches with their competitors. The other connection between globalization and unemployment which consumers have more choice of good and services which may cause local firms lose their monopoly of the market within the country. However, globalization might increase employment in some countries where labor costs are less, for example in China where labor cost is cheaper, therefore global firms will have their industries in China. Globalization of market is a mega trend which is inevitable that had altered the international business backdrop by allowing both obtaining and marketing activities on a global level. Nonetheless, peoples are having mix feelings toward globalization which people may agree that trades will benefit consumers but at the same time it also impact on labor market on global level. Employees who lose their jobs due to globalization have to go through some time before discovery a new employment opportunity. During the transition, job reallocations will significantly increase the rate of unemployment (Felbermayr, Prat Schmerer, 2011). Nevertheless, market globalization is not a recent phenomenon since it has taking place when humans started to interact with other peoples over long distance in different regions. Although globalization is not new, however at the start of the nineteenth century, globalization was distant from the minds of politicians, businessmen, and voters in the world (ORourke Williamson, 2001, p. 1). According to Cavusgil (1993), in modern era, one of the greatest interesting developments would be the globalization of markets. Reich (1998) stated that the meaning of globalization remains as elusive as to defy definition. Indeed, to suggest the concept is contested would indicate that there are at least some general schools of thought on the issue (p. 3). Hence, the globalization of markets is best reflected in the internalization of business transaction (Cavusgil, 1993, p. 84). For instance, the transaction might involve a foreign parties or currencies. Besides that, the term globalization is no t a simple substance because this term applied to many different developments; still globalization has rooted with the concept that included a description and a prescription. The description could be the world were more bound to the flows or finance and trade; the prescription is the development of world that was in everyones attention (Stalker, 2000). In this paper, I will try to discuss the issues of globalization impact on global level, and its consequences. II. GLOBALIZATION a) What is Globalization? Globalization is being recognized as something as surprising and innovative which is out of human control (Stalker, 2000). Guillà ©n (2001) mentioned the term Globalization is used to encompass increases in trade and liberalization policies as well as reductions in transportation costs and technology transfer (p. 5). Globalization has been applied many different processes, therefore the meaning itself became indefinable. In simplest way to describe globalization may refer to a growing number of multiple events happening simultaneously in more than single country (Stalker, 2000). b) Five dimensions of Globalization There are at least five dimensions of globalization, first of all is the integration and interdependence of domestic economies. Reinicke (2000) explained that the concepts of interdependence and globalization often are used interchangeably, many studies characterize globalization as the the intensification of economic, political, social, and cultural relations across borders (p. 5). Another dimension of globalization is the rise of regional economic integration blocs, for example, two or more countries formed a free trade area in order to defend against globalization (Stubbs, 2000). Firm and governments also start international currency trading in trade and investment although the scales for trade and investment are very diverse (Garrett, 2000). Fourth dimension is the globalization of production; Ernst (1999) stated that by concentrating production within one region, a firm can generate closer, faster, and more cost-effective interaction between different stages of the value chain t han it can ever hope to achieve once it starts moving production abroad (p. 24). Lastly, many services firms are undergoing globalization of services that expanding their business cross border and seek for low cost due to the reduction of transport costs since the dramatic strides in telecommunications technology have slashed the distance barriers between countries (Hufbauer Warren, 1999, p. 7). III. EMPLOYMENT RATES Rama (2003) stated that one of the matter that globalization can affect the developing country is the labor market. Increased import penetration, export sales, competition in services, foreign direct investment and exchange rate fluctuations prompted by international capital movements could all, in principle, have an impact on employment and labor earnings (Rama, 2003, p. 5). Besides that, there are many issues caused by globalization, one of it was the globalization affects the flexibility of workers through national borderlines and domestic labor organizations might not be sufficient to safeguard their fundamental rights of their workers (Stalker, 2000). Besides that, globalization has been connected with variations in labor market, for instance, the variations in the structure and level of labor demand, in skill scarcities and relative salaries (Orbeta, 2002). In order to become more competitive, many countries reduce their trade and investment barriers, eliminate their legal mono polies, transfer their public-sector enterprises and reduce over-staffing in their swollen organizations. Hence, these modifications could lead to the huge loss of job and significantly increase unemployment rates (Rama, 2003). IV. LABOR MARKET The increases in globalization have been escorted in the United State by drops in industrial and manufacturing employment rate and the demand for less skilled labor and the increases in earnings inequality. The swift rising of earnings inequality and low wage growth are fundamentally a US Phenomenon. Though there are many countries that did not involve the growth in earnings inequality, and unemployment. However, there are still a number of countries that did not experience those issues (Blanchflower, 2000). a) Income Inequality The ideal measure of inequality would be based on comparisons of individuals well-being over their entire lifetime (Goldberg Pavcnik, 2007, p. 45). According to Sachs (1998), he believes that globalization would lead to greater overall growth rates for nearly all economies. Moreover, there would not be a trade-off among faster growth and slower growth. Besides that, Sachs (1998) also mentioned the separation of salary between labor and capital; hence the post-tax income of capital is restricted relative to the post tax income of labor as a result of globalization and especially globalization that leads to openness of financial markets and not just of trade (p. 8). Moreover, globalization will lower the income of unskilled worker in the developed countries and increase the income of unskilled worker in the developing countries (Sachs, 1998). It is because the rise in inequality recognized in many developing countries had been connected with the rise of skill premium, for example the salary gap between unskilled worker and the skilled worker (Goldberg Pavcnik, 2007, p. 45). Goldberg and Pavcnik (2007) also stated that the definition of skill varies depending on the kind of data employed (p. 46). This case occurs between developed country and developing country when they start to trading with each other (Sachs, 1998). Nonetheless, international trade could affect the employment rate; hence this could explain the inequality in U.S. increased and the increase in Europe unemployment. Thus, the increased trade with countries high in unskilled labor could lead to the increase in quality of skill (Krugman, 1994). However, this case will raise the demand for skilled workers, while reduced the demand for unskilled workers. Therefore, the skill- abundant country will export skill-intensive goods and import labor- intensive products, and as a result will shift its production toward skill-intensive sectors and away from labor-intensive sectors (Krugman, 1994, p. 67). For i nstance, the rise of China as a foremost manufacturing exporter, and rapidly improve in the skill level of the work; when a country with plentiful unskilled workers reduce their barrier of trade, this have a tendency to lower the price of labor-intensive goods, hence initiating other country to move out of these sectors (Krugman, 1994). Hence, those unskilled workers in a country might lose their jobs. b) Skill premium The increase in the skill premium in the developed country is mainly the result of skill-biased technological change (Krugman, 1994, p. 70). Although the wages of skilled workers had increased, most areas had increased the ratio of skilled to unskilled workers in their labor force. Hence, this shows a change in the production purpose that increases the marginal product of the skilled workers to the unskilled workers. Nevertheless, the technology surely had played a main role in the increased premium on skill, in the increased rate of European unemployment (Krugman, 1994). V. IMMIGRATION International migration became a key issue in globalization since the migration in recently was the key factors in industrialization, colonialism, and nation building (Castles, 2006). Freeman (2006) stated that the United Nations has projected that in year 2000 nearby 175 million people not lived inside their birth place. Moreover, the United Nations has estimated about 190 million immigrants by 2005, more than 82.5 million immigrants in 1970. It is because many people migrate to other countries to advance their careers, or just out of a sense of adventure, for most people the main reason is the prospect of earning more money (Stalker, 2000, p. 21). For instance, the Mexicans can earn 278 dollar per week in the United State compared to 31 dollar per week in Mexico. However, from the year1950s onward, there is much migration into Europe because of labor shortages. For example, West Indians flow into United Kingdom to fill up those unfilled vacancies. On the other hand, in the recent y ears there is argument for the impact of immigration in Western Europe. It is because the immigration now interprets for the loose of population growth in the European Union. Many spectators have also noted that enlarged immigration is more likely to be part of strategy to keep European social security systems flush. Furthermore, the increase in immigration is related with high levels of anti-foreigner sentiment, since immigrants take jobs from local is common in Europe (Bauer, Lofstrom, and Zimmermann, 2000 as cited in Angrist Kugler, 2003). Therefore, Altonji Card (1991) found that for every 1 percent increase of the immigrants, the wages of the local worker will decrease by approximately 1.2 percent. In the model of immigration, immigrants tend to decrease earnings of substitute aspects and increase the earnings of complementary aspects (Freeman, 2006). Therefore, some hotel industries or manufacturers will tend to hire low wages immigrant instead of local worker, in the result , the local workers will lose their job, hence the employment rate among the local will decrease. VI. DISCUSSION Globalization has been applied in many different processes, this trend is mostly inevitable. The increase in globalization causes inequality in most countries. However establishing a causal connection between the trends is very challenging. Furthermore, the labor market is one of the main networks through which globalization can affect many countries. For example the increased export sales, import penetration, , foreign direct investment, competition in services and exchange rate variations stimulated by international capital movements, hence it have an impact on labor and employment. Besides that, job destruction proceeds faster than job creation, hence many countries may escort high unemployment rates by many years. However, only a part of the unemployed in developing countries are out of job due to globalization. The lineup for government job is common among the educated youth. It is because those unemployed used to work in the private sector, which is not directly affected by exp osure to world markets. Moreover, unemployment rates did not seen to be higher in the more open economy. Labor migration is mainly a global phenomenon and other areas are also sighted shifting pattern of migration, besides that international labor flow always mixed with refugees. Its not only the political issue create refugee, but also refugee status is a way of avoiding immigration controls. VII. CONCLUSION In my opinion, there is something we can do against the increasingly inequality and unemployment rates. In order to deal with the inequality and unemployment in United State, human capital investment can provide two solutions for the problem. First, training and education can help those workers who do not go to college. Educated workers tend to be more productive. It also applied to the training on worker. Therefore the increase in the level of skill in the labor force would make the premium on skill smaller, and result in flatten the wage distribution. Besides that, government can also come out some regulation and policies for the immigrants or global investor in order to protect the local workers and industries. VIII. REFERENCES Altonji, J. G., Card, D. (1991). The effects of immigration on the labor market outcomes of less-skilled  natives. In Immigration, trade and the labor market (pp. 201-234). University of Chicago Press. Angrist, J. D., Kugler, A. D. (2003). Protective or counterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ productive? labour market institutions and the  effect of immigration on eu natives*. The Economic Journal, 113(488), F302-F331. Blanchflower, D. (2000). Globalization and the labor market. Trade Deficit Review Commission. Castles, S. (2006). Migration and community formation under conditions of globalization. International  migration review, 36(4), 1143-1168. Cavusgil, S. T. (1993). Globalization of Markets and its Impact on domestic Institutions. Ind. J. Global  Legal Stud., 1, 83. Ernst, D. (1997). From partial to systemic globalization: international production networks in the  electronics industry. Felbermayr, G., Prat, J., Schmerer, H. J. (2011). Globalization and labor market outcomes: wage  bargaining, search frictions, and firm heterogeneity. Journal of Economic Theory, 146(1), 39-73. Freeman, R. B. (2006). People flows in globalization (No. w12315). National Bureau of Economic  Research. Garrett, G. (2000). The causes of globalization. Comparative political studies, 33(6-7), 941-991. Goldberg, P. K., Pavcnik, N. (2007). Distributional effects of globalization in developing countries (No.  w12885). National bureau of economic research. Guillà ©n, M. F. (2001). Is globalization civilizing, destructive or feeble? A critique of five key debates in the  social science literature. Annual review of sociology, 235-260. Hassan, S. S., Kaynak, E. (1994). Market globalization: An introduction. Globalization of Consumer Markets: Structures and Strategies, International Business Press: New York, 3-17. Hufbauer, G., Warren, T. (1999). The Globalization of Services. What Has Happened. Krugman, P. (1994). Past and prospective causes of high unemployment. Economic Review-Federal  Reserve Bank of Kansas City, 79, 23-23. Lall, S. (2004). The employment impact of globalization in developing countries. Lee, E. and Vivarelli, M.(2004)(eds)Understanding Globalization, Employment and Poverty Reduction, Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 73-101. Là ³pez-Cà ³rdova, E. (2005). Globalization, migration and development: The role of Mexican migrant  remittances. Economia, 6(1), 217-256. Nickell, S. (1997). Unemployment and labor market rigidities: Europe versus North America. The Journal  of Economic Perspectives, 11(3), 55-74. Orbeta, A. C. (2002). Globalization and employment: The impact of trade on employment level and  structure in the Philippines. Discussion Papers Philippine Institute for Development Studies, (4). ORourke, K. H., Williamson, J. G. (2001). Globalization and history: the evolution of a nineteenth-century Atlantic economy. Mit Press. Rama, M. (2003). Globalization and workers in developing countries. World Bank Policy research working  paper, (2958). Reich, S. (1998). What is globalization?. Four Possible Answers, Kellog Reinicke, W., and Jan Martin Witte.(2003) Interdependence, globalization and sovereignty. Commitment  and compliance: The role of non-binding norms in the international legal system (2000): 75-100. Sachs, J. (1998). Globalization and employment. A public lecture for the international institute for labor  studies. Stalker, P. (2000). Workers without frontiers: the impact of globalization on international migration.  International Labour Organization. Stubbs, R. (2000). Regionalization and globalization. Political Economy and the Changing Global Order.

Black Studies Paper :: History

Black Studies Paper African's past can be dated back to millions and millions of years. People from every continent is a descendant of the African origin. This essay will explain African's isolation to the rest of the world and some of the famous contributions and some of Africa's contributions to our world. Researchers have found that African people were the home of the first human beings. They have found fossils and archaeological findings that support thus evidence and by genetic research. These findings date back to 4.4 million years ago in Ethiopia. Actually human beings date back to 40 thousand years, these people were discovered also in Ethiopia. Around 10 thousand BC the Fertile Crescent had a large agricultural lands that produced vegetation, economic wealth, and brought people together. 7000 thousand years later the land became unagricultural and started to look the way it looks today in the Sahara Desert. This divided the continent into 2 parts, the North and the South. This made trade and contact to others extremely difficult. Poor soils due to shortage of water have taken its toll on Africa too. This is because poor soils lead to bad vegetation, which leads to less food, and then there are fewer jobs and less wealth. Fewer good also lead to diseases related to not eating well. Also Africa doesn't connect to any particular place. It has no rivers leading into the seven oceans, so there is not transportation or communication to those in the middle of Africa. This means no imports or exports therefore, any economic wealth. Africa is made of 400 million people throughout 50 countries with 800 different languages, which is probably difficult for communication and understanding of each other's. Leading again to Africa taking power of the world. Europe had labeled Africa as the "Dark Continent" because they didn't know much about it. Even though thousands of years ago their customs and ways of doing things originated from Africa. Africa's contributions to our world date back to about six thousand years in Egypt. It begins with the agricultural revolution which wheat and barley were grown with methods of irrigation, terracing, and crop rotations. Raising and domesticating animals was also a practice. The developing of better tools such ones made of metals like iron and bronze. Hieroglyphics, which are picture painting, were carved into stones to show what was going on. African's contributed the 365-day calendar and are the first people to divide the year into 12 months. Black Studies Paper :: History Black Studies Paper African's past can be dated back to millions and millions of years. People from every continent is a descendant of the African origin. This essay will explain African's isolation to the rest of the world and some of the famous contributions and some of Africa's contributions to our world. Researchers have found that African people were the home of the first human beings. They have found fossils and archaeological findings that support thus evidence and by genetic research. These findings date back to 4.4 million years ago in Ethiopia. Actually human beings date back to 40 thousand years, these people were discovered also in Ethiopia. Around 10 thousand BC the Fertile Crescent had a large agricultural lands that produced vegetation, economic wealth, and brought people together. 7000 thousand years later the land became unagricultural and started to look the way it looks today in the Sahara Desert. This divided the continent into 2 parts, the North and the South. This made trade and contact to others extremely difficult. Poor soils due to shortage of water have taken its toll on Africa too. This is because poor soils lead to bad vegetation, which leads to less food, and then there are fewer jobs and less wealth. Fewer good also lead to diseases related to not eating well. Also Africa doesn't connect to any particular place. It has no rivers leading into the seven oceans, so there is not transportation or communication to those in the middle of Africa. This means no imports or exports therefore, any economic wealth. Africa is made of 400 million people throughout 50 countries with 800 different languages, which is probably difficult for communication and understanding of each other's. Leading again to Africa taking power of the world. Europe had labeled Africa as the "Dark Continent" because they didn't know much about it. Even though thousands of years ago their customs and ways of doing things originated from Africa. Africa's contributions to our world date back to about six thousand years in Egypt. It begins with the agricultural revolution which wheat and barley were grown with methods of irrigation, terracing, and crop rotations. Raising and domesticating animals was also a practice. The developing of better tools such ones made of metals like iron and bronze. Hieroglyphics, which are picture painting, were carved into stones to show what was going on. African's contributed the 365-day calendar and are the first people to divide the year into 12 months.

Essay †Analyse of John Proctor from Crucible Essay

John is a flawed man. How, in spite of this, does Arthur Miller develop his character so that we admire him more and more as the play progresses? ‘The crucible’, by Arthur Miller, is a play that clearly shows many human struggles. Many of these come about as a result of the strict puritan society, in Salem, Massachusetts, in the 1660’s witch trials. The first factor that the audience come across that start the hysteria is when some girls are caught dancing hiding in the woods. Because of how sinful it was to be seen doing ‘unchristian’ things, one of the girls, Betty, got so scared of what could be the consequences that she just lied down on a bed for 13 hours without moving. Miller shows through the play, how people would comment on this fact referring to witchcraft, leading everyone to believe in the false accusations. One of the main roles on the play is that of John Proctor. He initially gets involved on Betty’s case for his authority and respect from the others. Then, Miller presents Proctor as a lecher who abused the love of a 14 year-old girl, Abigail Williams, who would, later on, charge on the court Proctor’s wife, Elizabeth, of witchcraft imagining to get her out the way to Proctor. John Proctor, a farmer and a village resident in his middle thirties, ‘He was a kind of man of a powerful body, even tempered. In Proctor’s presence, a fool felt his foolishness instantly. ‘ (Stage directions, Act One, page 16). Since Reverend Parris is appointed to the church in Salem, John Proctor starts to create empathy against Parris’ superior attitude and greed. As well as Parris, Putnam is also an obtuse figure. Proctor clearly leaves this message on act one: ‘There is a party in this church. I am not blind; there is a faction and a party. ‘ (Parris, Act One) ‘Against him and all authority. ‘ (Putnam, Act One). Proctor uses this suspicion to provoke anger in Parris even further. ‘Why, then I must find it and join it. ‘ (Proctor, Act One). In the beginning, John truthfully tells Parris why he has not been at church recently. ‘I have trouble enough without I come five mile to hear him preach only hellfire and bloody damnation. Take it to heart, Mr. Parris. There are many others who stay away from church because you hardly ever mention God anymore. ‘ (Proctor, Act One). Proctor exceedingly allows the fact that he cannot associate with Parris go on across his religious side. ‘Tell me, you have three children? How come only two are baptized? ‘ (Hale, Act Two) ‘I like it not that Mr. Parris should lay his hand upon my baby. I see no light of God in that man. I’ll not conceal it. ‘ (Proctor, Act Two) John Proctor became a very guilty man with a troubled conscience, because of his affair with his servant Abigail. ‘Abby, I may think of you softly from time to time. But I will cut my hand before I’ll ever reach for you again. Wipe it out of mind. We never touched, Abby. ‘ (Proctor, Act One). Proctor has his mind set that he will not confess to anyone else about Abigail, in fear of ruining his good name and reputation. Once past the affair, Abigail became extremely jealous of Elizabeth Proctor. At the court, Abigail accused Elizabeth of witchcraft, by planning a way to look like Elizabeth watched Mary Warren make a doll and then she would have put a needle in the stomach of it, with the intention that the puppet would represent Abigail, herself. Abigail even stuck a needle into her own stomach to represent evidence. By the time Elizabeth was being arrested, Proctor, furious, accused Abigail and Parris’ revenge to be linked to his wife case: ‘If she is innocent! Why do you never wonder if Parris be innocent, or Abigail? Is the accuser always holy now? Were they born this morning as clean as God’s fingers? I’ll tell you what’s walking Salem – vengeance is walking Salem. We are what we always were in Salem, but now the little crazy children are jangling the keys of the kingdom, common vengeance writes the law! This warrant’s vengeance! I’ll not give my wife to vengeance! ‘ (Proctor, Act Two). It is obvious that Proctor cares and respects his wife Elizabeth when he decides to bring to an end his adulterous relationship with Abigail. The caring and respectful feelings are renewed into loving devotion when Elizabeth is unjustly charged as a witch. He promises her, ‘I’ll bring you home. I will bring you home soon! ‘ (Proctor, Act Two), as she leaves. With the idea of getting his wife released, Proctor threatened Mary Warren to confess the truth to the court. She was one of the girls that got caught dancing in the woods, and because of it was helping the court to find the supposed witches. In desperation, he acted in a brutal way even physically, until she would accept to stand by him on the court and, controversially from all the things that she had already said, confess that the witchcraft accusations were all pretence. ‘I will bring your guts into your mouth but goodness will not die for me. ‘ (Proctor, Act Two)

Individuals with dementia Essay

Together these legislations formed the fundamental rights and freedom of an individual. These affect the rights of everyday life of an individual including what they can say and do, their beliefs, right not to be tortured and right to a fair trial. These rights have limits to ensure that it does not damage other people’s rights. 1.2 – evaluate agreed ways of working that relate to rights and choices of an individual with dementia Policies and procedures in the care home including: Mission Statement Health and Safety Risk Assessment Safeguarding Person Centered Care Planning Equality Policy Complaints Procedure Safety and Security Anti-Discrimination Moving and Handling see more:enable rights and choices of individuals with dementia whilst minimising risks 1.3 – explain how and when personal information may be shared with carers and others, taking into account legislative frameworks and agreed ways of working The law of confidence protects people from having their personal information shared against their wishes. If a person gives private information to another person or organisation and reasonably expects that information to be kept confidential, they can take legal action if  information is passed on without their consent. The threat of legal action may cause staff about disclosing personal guidance states that personal information given to social workers by a service user should be kept confidential and only disclosed where this could be in the public interest, where there is risk or where there is a legal obligation to disclose information about a service user. Doctors have a duty of confidentiality to their patients. Generally personal information may only be disclosed, even to a persons close family, if he or she consents. This duty of confidentiality can be breached if there is a strong need to do so in the â€Å"public interest† or in the interest of the patient. A doctor may choose to breach confidentiality if they foresee harm to a patient or others. The British Association of Social Workers ethical guidance states that personal information given to social workers by a service user should be kept confidential and only disclosed where this could be in the public interest, where there is risk or where there is a legal obligation to disclose. 2.1 – demonstrate that the best interests of an individual with dementia are considered when planning and delivering care and support This is a tricky thing to provide as the individuals wishes may not be the same as what is in their best interest. This is a system that can be used which usually involves a best interest meeting which should involve the individuals family, carers, Dr or any specialists involved, in this meeting decisions can be made when everyone agrees on what is best for the individual. 2.2 – demonstrate how an individual with dementia can be enabled to exercise their rights and choices even when a decision has not been deemed to be in their best interests 2.3 – explain why it is important not to assume that an individual with dementia cannot make their own decisions 2.4 – describe how the ability of an individual with dementia to make decisions may fluctuate 3.2 – describe how a conflict of interest can be addressed between the carer and an individual with dementia whilst balancing rights, choices and risk 3.3 – describe how to ensure an individual with dementia, carers and others feel able to complain without fear of retribution 4.1 – describe how to maintain privacy and dignity when providing personal  support for intimate care to an individual with dementia

How to Study Better in High School 16 Expert Tips

How to Study Better in High School 16 Expert Tips SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Studying is about finding a right balance between concentration, understanding, retention, and rest. And, just like any task that taxes your energy- be it physical or mental- it is often just as difficult to get started as it is to engage in the task itself. But don't despair! Whether you need to study for just one test, or want to learn how to study over the long haul and retain a whole term's worth of information, we've got you covered. We’ll explain exactly how to study better, helping you revamp both your daily and long-termstudy habits and giving you the best study tips for managing your timeand keeping your focus as you actually study. And, once you've mastered thesestudy techniques, we’ll also show you how to prepare yourself for test day so you can do your very best when the chips are down.So let’s get to it! Building Good StudyHabits Again, exerting both mental energy andphysical energy is difficult and many find it tough to keep upover the long term. But a proper approach will helpease the way and keep your studying strong for years to come. To laya healthy study foundation and avoid last minute cramming and undue stress, it's necessary to build (and maintain!) a proper study habit. Just like with exercise, the task will become easier and more manageable the more you are able to get into a routine. And you'll be far less likely to lapse back into bad study habits once you've made studying an intractable part of your daily life. #1: Stick to a Set Schedule Your brain builds pathways and habits over time, and studying is about building thosemental muscles and endurance. Getting into a fixed habit of studying will help you improve your concentration and mental stamina over time. And, just like any other training, your ability to study only improves with time and dedicated effort. There are many activities that are good for us, but that we often- for whatever reason- dread doing. Whether this is exercising, doing chores, or studying, it’s a good idea to set yourself a schedule and stick to it no matter how you’re feeling at the moment.It’s easy to put off these activities for a thousand reasons: you’re busy doing something else, you’re tired, you have a headache, you’re not in the mood.†¦But the more you hold yourself to a set schedule, the more likely you’ll do what you need to do without having to make an endless litany of excuses. Aside from doing homework,set aside a dedicated 50 to 75 minutesto study each day and then stick to your schedule. You'll find the studyrhythmthat works best for you, but do know that you don't necessarily have to sit down and eek out those minutes all at once. You can decide to split the time into smaller segments throughout the day, or, if you work betterat completing tasks and moving on, you can choose to get your studying done all at once. One way to divide your after school study time into segments could be: 4:30 - 5:00 - arrive home, eat a snack, relax 5:00 - 5:30 - first study chunk 5:30 - 6:30 - break/homework/other task 6:30 - 6:45 -second study chunk 6:45 - 7:30 -dinner/assignments/other task 7:30 - 8:00 - final study chunk Or, if you'd rather spend your 50-75 study minutes all at once, then your schedule may look more like: 4:30 - 5:00 - arrive home, eat a snack, relax 5:00 - 6:15-study time 6:15 - rest of evening - dinner, break, homework, other tasks How you create your study schedule is up to you, just so long as you stick to itonce you've made it and don'tdeviate. #2: Schedule Your Studying in SmallerIncrements Over a Long Period of Time By committing50 to 75minutes to studyevery day (and sticking to your schedule!), you'll avoid bothburning out your mental energy and being stuck crammingfor hours and hours at a time the night before a test. Not to say that cramming your material can't occasionally "work." Some people are absolutely able to cram for a test the night before and do well, but studying in this way will only store the information in your short-term memory, not your long-term.This means that, by cramming, you can struggle to stay apprised of the material as the semester progresses (especially in classes where previous information builds on later information, such as in science, math, or history classes). And the long term effect of forcing your brain to cramnecessary information at once will not only makestudying for finals particularly difficult- essentially forcing youto re-learn a semester’s worth of material, rather than being able to simply review it- but making a habit of cramming material at the last minute will only increase your stress and make you feel as though you have to constantly play â€Å"catch-up.† By sticking to a schedule of studying for a reasonable amount of timeover the entire semester or term, you'll be able to better store and recall the information you need, and thereby reduce some of the stress that comes from schoolwork, tests, and studying. Though it may seem rigidnow, a set study structure will make life easier in the long term. Setting the Right Study Environment A proper study schedule is essential, but so is creating the right study environment. Your environment can have a tremendous impact on your concentration and productivity, so figuring out aproper study space will ultimately benefit you and improve your study time. #3: Stick to the Same Study Spaces A stable environment for a particular activitycan help put you in the right mood and mind frameto complete the task at hand. The same applies for engaging in studying. It is helpful to have one or two dedicated locations for schoolwork- separate from any "free time" areas- that you use to study in each and every study session. Sometimes this may not be possible if you live in a small dwellingand don't have access to free public spaces like a library,but do the best you can to find a space you can use solelyfor studying and stick byit. Your studyspace will be individual to you, so don't worry about how other people work best. Some people concentrate their best when surrounded by others, like in a study group or a bustling coffee shop, while some people can only study if they're alone or in a completely silent location. Experiment with different environments and spaces until you find the one you seem to work in best and then stick to it as your dedicated "study zone." #4: Practice Good Study Hygiene Good study hygiene is about retaining a clear separation between work and rest.This allows you to focus on necessary tasks while minimizing stress and anxiety in the rest of your life. We've already talked about keeping a dedicated study space, but now we have tobe sure to keep those areas as "hygienic" as possible. How? By following a few key rules of setting up your study environment: Make Sure That You DON'T Study In or On Your Bed Studying in sleeping areas is the very definition of NOTmaintaininga clear separation between work and rest, and most often leads to increased levels of stress and insomnia. This, in turn, can decrease your concentration and ability to study in the long term. By blurring the lines between study-time and free-time, you'll only createspillover stress for yourself and be stuck in acyclical effect of non-productivity and anxiety. So keep your study location to a desk, a table, or even a couch, so long as you aren't anywhere on your bed. Keep Tantalizing Distractions Far Away It's easy to allow ourselvesto take "a quick break" tocheck our phones, get up and go hunting for a snack, or to let ourselves get caught up searching forirrelevant information on Wikipedia. There are untold distractions all around us that try to lure our concentration away from the task at hand, and giving into temptation can be an awful time suck.The best way to avoid distractionslike these is to remove temptation altogether. Make up a snack for yourself before you start studying so that you're not tempted to get up. Keep your phone far away, and turn off your wifi on your computer if you can. Tell yourself that you can't get up to check on whatever has you distracted until your allotted study time is up.Whatever has you distracted can wait until your study time is over. Keep Yourself Comfortable, Hydrated, and Fed Taking care of your body's basic needs will not onlyhelp toimprove your mood and concentration while you study, but it will also helpmake sure youavoid needing to get up (and therebylose your focus) during your study time. So make sure you takewater, a jacket, a snack, coffee, or whatever else you need to your study space so that you can be comfortable, focused, and ready to learn. VaryingYour Study Methods There are many different ways to study, and none is exclusively better than any other. In fact,diversifying your study techniques, andusing a mix of multiple different study methodswill help you learn and store your information better than simply sticking toone. Practicing different study methods and combining different techniques to prevent mental fatigue and keep your brain engaged. And we'll walk through some of the best study techniqueshere. #5: Rewrite or Rephrasethe Materialin Your Own Words It can be easy to get lost in a textbook and look back over a page, only to realize you don't remember what you just read. But luckily, that can be remedied. For classes that require you to read large bodies of text, such ashistory, English, or psychology, make sure tostop periodically as you read. Pause at the end of a paragraph or a section and- without looking!- think about what the text just stated. Re-summarize it in your own words. Now glance back over the material to make sure you summarized the information accurately and remembered the relevant details. Make a mental note of whatever you missed and then move on to the next section. You mayalso want to make a bulleted listof the pertinent information instead of just rephrasing it mentally or aloud. Without looking back down at the textbook, jot down the essentials of the material you just read. Then look over the book to make sure you haven't left out any necessary information. Whether you choose to simply summarizealoud or whether you write your information down, re-wording the text is an invaluable study tool. By rephrasing the text in your own words, you can be sure you're actuallyremembering the information and absorbing its meaning, rather than just rote copying theinfo without trulyunderstanding or retainingit. #6: Teach the Material to Someone Else Teaching someone else is a great way to distill your thoughts and summarize the information you've been studying. And,almost always, teaching someone elseshows you that you’ve learned more about the material than you think! Find a study-buddy, or a patient friend or relative, or even just a figurine or stuffed animal and explain the material to them as if they're hearing about it for the first time. Whether the person you're teaching is real or not, the act of teaching material aloud to another human being requires you to re-frame theinformation in new ways and think more carefully about how all the elements fit together. Andthe act of running through your material this way- especially if you do it aloud- helps you more easily lock it in your mind. #7: Quiz Yourself With Flashcards Making flashcards is an oft-usedstudy tooland for very good reason!Making your own flash cardscannot only help you retain information just through the sheer actof writing it down, but will also help you connect pertinent pieces of information together. So for any subjects in which you must remember theconnections between terms and information, such as formulas, vocabulary, equations, or historicaldates, flashcards are the way to go. To make the best use of your flashcards, use the Leitner Method, so that you don't waste your time studying what you already know. To employ this method, quiz yourself with your flashcards and separate the cards into two different piles. In Pile 1, place the cards you knew andanswered correctly, in Pile 2, place the cardsyou didn’t know the answers to. Now go back through the cards again, butonlystudying the cards from Pile 2 (the "didn't know" pile). Separate these again as you go through them into Pile 1 (know) and Pile 2 (don't know). Repeatthe process of only studying to "don't know" cardsuntil more and more cards can be added to the â€Å"know† pile. Once all the cards are in the â€Å"know† pile, go through the whole pile onceagain to make sure you’ve retained the information on all the cards. #8: Make Your Own Diagrams, Formula Sheets, and Charts Reconstituting information into pictures can help you see and understand the material in new and different ways.For math and science classes, you may want to make yourself a formula sheet in addition to making flashcards. Flashcards will help you to remember each formula in isolation, but making one catch-all formula sheet will give you a handy study reference tool. And making one will, again, help you to retain your information just through the process of writing it down. The bonus is thatif you're more of a visual/picture learner, a formula sheet canhelp you to remember your formulas by recallinghow they're situated with one another. To help you to remember your science processes, createyour own diagrams.For instance, for a biology class, draw your own cell and labelthe components or make your own Krebscycle diagram. These pictures willtypicallybein your textbooks, so examine the picture you're given andthen create your own diagram without looking at the textbook. See how much you've been able to accurately recreate and then do it again until it's perfect. Sometimes making your own charts and diagrams will mean recreating the ones in your textbookfrom memory, and sometimes it will mean putting different pieces of information together yourself. Whatever the diagram type and whatever the class, writing your information down and making pictures out of itwill help to lock the material in your mind. #9: Give Yourself Rewards To make studying a little more fun, give yourself a small reward whenever you hit a study milestone. For instance,let yourselfeat a piece of candy for every 25flash cards you test yourself on or for every three paragraphs you read (and re-word) in your textbook. Or perhapsgive yourself one extra minuteof video gameor television-watching time for every page you study from your book(to be redeemedonly after your study time is over, of course). Whatever your particular incentive is, letyourself havethatsmall reward-boost tohelp see you throughthe days whenstudying seems particularly taxing. You can even make yourself a Study Reward Diagram: studying input - candy reward - energy boost - more studying - more candy! Making the Most ofYour Study Time Whether you're studying for a particular test or studying to keep yourself apprised of the class material all throughout the term, you'll want to make the most of your allotted daily study time. After all, there's no use setting aside and committing to your 50-75 minutes a day to study if the time is ultimately unproductive. So make the best of each study session by following these study tipsfor concentration and memory retention. #10: Study New Material Within 24 Hours In order to maintain your knowledge of the class material throughout the term, make life easier on yourself by reviewing any new information you learn onthe same day you learned it. Reviewing new material within 24 hours will help you to retain much more of what you learned than if you were to review the same information at a later date. So make sure todedicate a portion of each study time to reviewing the information you learned thatsame day in your classes. School bombards you withnew material each and every day. And even if you’re interested in the new material as you’re learning it, it’s all too easy to let anything new slip away when you have so much else to think about. Butonce the information has been pushed to the back burnerof your mind, your brain will generally discard it rather than storing it into your long term memory. To combat this â€Å"curve of forgetting,† make a habit of taking notes in class and then reviewing the material that very same night.This will help lock the information into your long-term memory and serve you well in the future. Just a few minutes in the here and now will save you hours of having to relearn the material at a later date. #: Use the Pomodoro Technique to Retain Focus Everyone loses their concentration from time to time. But, luckily for us, there are time management techniques that can help keep up mentalenergy and productivity, such as the Pomodoro Technique. The Pomodoro Technique is a time management method for increased focus and concentration, which makes it ideal for tackling studying and homework. The principle behind the technique is to divvy up your focus and break times into set regimes so that your mind remains sharp and attuned tothe task at hand, without giving into fatigue or distraction. The method is to divide your focus time (â€Å"pomodoros†) into 25 minute blocks dedicated to a task. And every time you feel your focus drifting, write down what had you distracted,put it aside, and don't give into the temptation to lose focus. (For instance, if you feel compelled to look at your email or look up what year your favorite movie came out, mark down â€Å"check email† or â€Å"look up favorite movie† and then return to your original task.) This will allow you to acknowledge the distraction and return to it later without having it derail your study time now. After every 25 minute block of time is complete, give yourself a check mark and allow yourself a 5 minute break. (A good time to check thatemail!)Onceyou’ve reachedthe fourth check mark (100 minutes of focus and 15 minutes of break), take a 20 minute break. Then begin the cycle again. By balancing up your time and energy between designated periods of focus and rest, you’ll be able to tackle studying your topic at hand without mental fatigue and burnout (which can easily occur if you try to marathon your way through a study session) and without losing focus (which can happen if you find yourself taking a break that lasts...indefinitely). To help visualize this technique in action, let's look at it setout in an example schedule: 5:00 - 5:25 - first pomodoro 5:25 - 5:30 - short break 5:30 - 5:55 - second pomodoro 5:55: - 6:00 - short break 6:00 - 6:25 - third pomodoro 6:25 - 6:30 - short break 6:30 - 6:55 - fourth pomodoro 6:55 - 7:15 - long break #12: Know When to Move On There will always come a point in your studies where you need to simply put down the bookand move on.As always, life is about balance, and eventually you’ll start to see diminishing returns on your study efforts if you try to spend too much time on one particular topic/class/chapter. At some point, your time will be better spent studying for other classes, or engaging inan alternatetype of study task. Don't stopyour studying earlier than your scheduledtime, but turn your focus to a different study topic or switch your attentionfrom quizzing yourself with flashcards to making a diagram instead. It’s not always easy to see, but you’ll get better and better at realizing when you’ve hit this stopping point (and not the point five minutes into studying when you’re bored) and are no longer retaining focus or information. It may take time, but you'll get there. Your brain is capable of great things, but even it has its limits. And learninghow to maximize your time and energy will keep you from pushing those limits. Preparing for Test Day When you're preparingfor a test, the actual studying part is only half the battle. The other half comes from being well prepared to actually take the test and giving it your best possible effort. And these techniques will help you get there. #13: Get Enough Sleep The absolute, number one, most important way you can prepare yourself for a test is to sleep the night before. Getting a good night’s sleep before a test (and preferably every night) is absolutely paramount. Sleep increases focus and concentration. The effects of not sleeping are much like being under the influence of alcohol. No matter how well you know the material, taking a test sleep deprived will do you no favors. A regular sleep schedule is preferable and will do wonders for your overall health, happiness, concentration, and memory. But even if you can't sleep, just closing your eyes and relaxingwill help. So if you find yourself grappling withinsomnia, let yourself relax in the dark and in your bed instead of whittling away the hours some other way. #14: Pack Your Gear the Night Before the Test Whatever it is you need to have, make sure to pack it up the night before. This will help you relax and sleep and will insure you don't leave anything crucial behind in your morning rush out the door. So pack your pencils, your calculator, and scratch paper. Even lay out your clothes for the next day. Prepare whatever you need to so that you can reduce your stress and help you rest the night before your exam. #15: Eat Something Just like with sleeping, making sure to eatsomething the morning of atest will help you concentrate and focus throughout the day. Anything is better than nothing, but try to eat something that will keep you full and provide you with some protein and carbohydrates. Whole grains, fruit, and eggs are generally a good bet, but pretty much anything will do in a pinch so long as you get some calories in you (and so long as it isn't pure sugar and caffeine!). #16: Take a Walk Exercising, even just a little bit, will help boost your mood, energy, and concentration.If possible, take a walk or do some quick cardio exercises (such as jumping jacks) for ten to twenty minutes before an exam. Now you're ready to rock that test- go get it! ...And then take a nap when you're done. The Take-Aways: How to Study Better Being able to study and study well is a skill and a habit that's built like any other. It takes preparation, time, and diligence to see it through, but once the habit is established, it will simply becomea part of yourdaily routine. To maintain the proper balance of leisure and work (and, most importantly, avoid burnout and excessive stress), it’s best to stick to schedules and divvy up your time and energy over long periods of time. And remember to use that allottedtime wisely once you're in the middle of it. Of course an ideal scheduleisn’t always realistic and there will still be those days you have to cram for whatever reason. But incorporating healthier time management and study methods will benefit you in the long-term and serve you well not only in high school, but in college, in the workplace, and for whatever other task you set your mind to in the future. Just take it one step at a time and you'll be amazed at the final results. What's Next? Now that you've tackled how to study better, make sure you actually get that studying done by learninghow to overcome procrastination. Unsure about how your GPA ranks with your top school choices? Learn what GPA you need to get into the school you want and how much your GPA matters for college applications. Studying for the SAT or ACT? Check outsome of our expert guides, starting with how to get a perfect score. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points? We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Global Flooding essays

Global Flooding essays With greenhouse gas emissions and unsustainable human lifestyles raging out of control, there poses the major problem of global warming. Although some people believe this theory to be false, new research may change some minds as to the validity of this phenomenon. Research on Antarcticas glacial movement is raising some eyebrows to whether a warming trend is upon us. If global warming is an actuality, then the human race may face its biggest quandary ever. Global warming would pose many important problems, but the most eminent is not of increased air temperatures, but rather increased oceanic temperatures. Global warming affecting the state of our polar ice caps is a huge concern. Global warming is caused by the emission of greenhouse gasses into the atmosphere. Greenhouse gasses are gasses that increase the ability of our atmosphere to hold in heat. Detailed records of greenhouse gas levels have been analyzed through ice core samples. Inside these core samples, tiny bubbles contain the mixture of gasses that the atmosphere had millions of years ago. Phillip Pan, contributor to The Washington Post, explains that scientists have been able to determine that the levels of carbon dioxide, a major greenhouse gas, have increased by 31 percent from 250 years ago. This data is alarming when you consider the other greenhouse gasses, such as methane and nitrous oxide, which are also accumulating in the atmosphere (Pan). Now that the average global temperature is increasing, this jeopardizes the glaciers that make up the earths polar ice caps. There is a fixed amount of water on the earth. The sea level of the earth is then determined by how much of the water is in a liquid form. This is a delicate balance that must remain somewhat static to keep a persistent sea level. If temperature increases, then this would yield more liquid water and less frozen water. A threat in the polar ice cap in Antarctica has drawn quite a lot o...

Requirements to Be a Doctoral Candidate

Requirements to Be a Doctoral Candidate Informally known as All But Dissertation (or ABD), the doctoral candidate has completed all of the requirements for the doctoral degree with the exception of his or her  dissertation. A student usually advances to a doctoral candidate once he or she has completed all coursework required for the degree and has passed the doctoral comprehensive exam. As a doctoral candidate, the students final task is to complete the dissertation. The Long Road to Dissertation Although coursework may have come to an end once the students submit to be doctoral candidates, their journeys to full accreditation  as doctorates are far from over. Many doctoral candidates remain in the ABD status for several reasons including difficulty conducting research, time management and motivational deficits, interfering employment that distracts from research time, and ultimately a loss of interest in the subject matter.   Throughout their education, the advisor will conduct weekly to bi-weekly meetings with the student, guiding them along the path to a strong dissertation. The earlier you start working on yours during medical school, the better. Its best to keep in mind that the dissertation you develop must contain a specific hypothesis that can be tested and peer reviewed, supported or rejected by new data discovered by the student.   Ph.D. candidates  must work independently, which often leads to lengthy periods at the ABD status- especially if students made the common grad school mistake of not vetting their dissertation ideas through colleagues and faculty members while enrolled in the doctoral program. Time is a huge factor in the ability of a doctoral candidate to complete his or her dissertation, so waiting until the last minute to begin could result in these candidates remaining in limbo for many years before publishing their work. Defending the Dissertation Once a student does manage to complete his or her dissertation, the Ph.D. candidate then must defend their statement in front of a panel of faculty members. Fortunately, a dissertation advisor and committee are granted to students hoping to complete their doctorate. As a student, you should utilize these advisors to the fullest extent to ensure that your dissertation is ready for the public forum in which you must defend it.   Once the public defense of the candidates dissertation is completed to a satisfactory level, the committee overseeing the defense will submit a Defense Final Report form to the program and the student will submit the approved dissertation  electronically into the schools database, completing the final paperwork for their degree.   After the Dissertation From there provided that they pass the defense, the candidate will be awarded their full doctorate degree and will officially become an M.D. or Ph.D. and can begin shopping out their resume to potential employers and seek the recommendation letters of their advisors, faculty members, and friends in order to better their chances of gainful employment.

Encounter point Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Encounter point - Essay Example The ownership claims over Jerusalem by Muslims and Jews seems to be the major issue involved in Israel-Palestine dispute. â€Å"Encounter point† is a 2006 award-winning film directed by Ronit Avni and Julia Bacha. It is about people, who have dedicated their lives to trying to resolve the Israeli Palestinian conflict through non-violence means. Non-violence was the ideology through which Mahatma Gandhi succeeded in removing British colonialism from Indian soil. The film â€Å"Encounter point† discusses the possibility of implementing that ideology in settling the issues between Israel and Palestine. This paper analyses various dimensions of the Israel-Palestine conflict as portrayed in the film encounter. In my opinion, the film is not portraying the conflict as between two equal or symmetrical parties. In fact the film describes Israel as the dominant party and the Palestinians as the receiving party. There are many scenes in the film in which wounded Palestinians express their bitterness against the Israelis. At the same time there are no scenes which describe any wounded Israeli blaming the Palestinians at the rehabilitation center. The above fact clearly suggests that the intention of the director of this film was never to portray the clashes between Israel and Palestine as a clash between two equal forces. The film is definitely unbalanced even though some perceive it as favoring the Palestinian side while others as favoring the Israeli side. â€Å"In one scene a Palestinian makes the claim the IDF put poison on their bullets. There is no Israeli to rebut that unlikely claim, nor to mention the fact that suicide bombers add metal bolts and screws to their explosives to maximize civilian casualties† (Gates). In other words, the film says many things about the massacres of Israeli soldiers. At the same time, it says nothing about the suicide bombers from the Palestinian side. The director seems to be taking the side of the

The Spratly Islands Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Spratly Islands - Essay Example Some of the island claims overlap and have led to international tensions over the right to claim some of the world's largest oil reserves and expand their territorial fishing rights. Powerful nations in the area that have a growing need for energy pose a serious threat for future disputes, but recent agreements have eased the tensions to a degree and offer some hope of a model of economic cooperation. . Claims to the islands in the archipelago largely rest on the claimant's ability to establish a historical record of being there first, their geographical proximity, or a record of diplomatic agreements. China, Japan, France, and Vietnam all made claims to, and inhabited, the islands sporadically before and during the first half of the 20th century. China's claim to the islands dates back 2nd century BC Han dynasty, and in 1933 the Chinese made a formal public declaration of claim to the islands and stated that the islands "are inhabited only by Chinese fishermen, and are internationally recognized as Chinese territories".1 The Japanese used the Spratly Islands as a staging point for their assault on the Philippines during World War II, but the action drew little attention from the British who considered the islands terra nullius, a non-legally binding concept that argues uninhabited islands are open to settlement.2 Vietnam's claims date back to the 17th century and are bolstered by an 1884 treaty that claims the French administered the islands while they were a protectorate of France.3 Vietnam has recently contended that they have continuously occupied the islands since the 1600s and have "exercised effectively, continuously and peacefully its sovereignty" over the Spratly islands as well as the neighbouring Paracel Islands.4 Historians have largely disputed the legitimacy of the claims made by Vietnam and since World War II the islands have become the centre of an international debate involving China, Taiwan, Brunei, Malaysia, Vietnam, and the Philippines. Since World War II the Spratly Islands have gained significant strategic importance for their location amid a rapidly developing area, as well as for the economic value of their natural resources. Ownership of the islands gives the owner internationally recognized fishing rights in an area that is rich in fish and seafood. The discovery of some of the richest gas and oilfields in the world has sparked an intense competition for ownership. The islands lie in the middle of several nations that have a growing need for oil that is mostly currently imported from the Middle East and Africa. In addition, the islands lie in the middle of the shipping lanes that include the Strait of Malacca, which serves the expanding Asia-Pacific economic region, and is the second busiest sea-lane in the world5. It is estimated that over half the world's supertanker traffic and "half of the world's merchant fleet (by tonnage) sails through the South China Sea every year".6 This gives the owners of the islan ds geo-political strength as well as control of the resources in the area surrounding the islands. The island's strategic location and the ability to disrupt trade have given the Spratly Islands an increased military importance in light of the world's growing need for oil. The most recent decades have seen open hostilities as nations have worked to build a spirit of

Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Art - Essay Example All of these very fascinating questions are best answered by looking at what society considers â€Å"significant† or â€Å"beautiful†. From these examples, one might be able to find common characteristics between them and maybe empirically approach a theory of the good in art. This all presupposes, however, that there are objective characteristics that one can isolate and call â€Å"art† or â€Å"beauty†. It very well may be that all art and all beauty are subjective in the sense that they are nothing separate from the object placed next to the art exhibit by chance. Regardless, assuming there is some objective nature to art and beauty, there are theories of what it means for an object to be considered art. However, none of these theories seems to be sufficient to explain exactly what separates the art exhibit from the other object. An art object is an aesthetic object is designed specifically for aesthetic appeal. The question is why do human beings take the time and resources to create the aesthetically appealing art object. One way to answer this is by saying that art fulfils a basic human necessity: an instinct that requires rhythm, balance, harmony, melody, and other things from our natural existence. As an illustration of this view, the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle once wrote that art is a representation of reality. Because nature is full of change, decay, and growth, nothing remains completely constant. However, art has the ability to stand the test of time, and communicate universal themes of human life long after the artist and the society in which it was created has fallen away. Aristotle wrote, â€Å"Imitation, then, is one instinct of our nature. Next, there is the instinct for 'harmony' and rhythm, meters being manifestly sections of rhythm. Persons, therefore, starting with this natural gift developed by degrees their special aptitudes, till their rude improvisations gave birth to Poetry† (Aristotle). For instance, art made long ago by ancient peoples in the Cave of Chauvet-Pont-d'Arc, representations of rhinoceroses and other objects significant to the lives of the people who lived at that time. Although the creators of the art may have had a certain social intention in creating the representations, this psychological intuition about the purpose of art suggests that they had a basic human instinct in seeking rhythm and harmony in nature. In the works of Vermeer in particular, we see representations of daily life throughout his galleries. However, there are obvious perfections in the way that Vermeer presented these time capsules of life in 17th century Holland. For instance, Vermeer produced transparent colors by applying paint in loosely granular layers. This technique, among many, set Vermeer apart from his contemporaries because it made his artworks a perfect aesthetic representation. Because people seek art for its harmony and rhythm, they expect it to be more perfect than natur e itself, according to this theory of the purpose of art. Representation as the goal of art is a provocative theory. Another notion of art’s purpose comes from other well-known aesthetic philosophers who thought of art more as an expression of imagination than as an unconscious instinct or desire. Under this different conception,

Public relation campaign Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Public relation campaign - Essay Example However, its business is also contributed towards the non-pharmaceutical sources, specifically the crop protection industry accounting for 60% of non pharmaceutical business. Huntingdon Life Sciences uses animals in the biomedical research conducted by it for its customers. In UK around 60,000 animals are annually used. This number is further broken down by species like fish, bird, mouse, rat and other mammals. In the field of non clinical CRO, HLS is the third largest in the world but it is better known to general public as the target of animal rights campaign of high profile. Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty (SHAC), the animal rights group, has mainly orchestrated the campaign. Issues involved with Huntingdon Life Sciences Huntingdon Life Sciences has been criticised by the group of animal welfare and animal rights for using animals in research for abusing animals and for testing wide range of substances, particularly non-medical products on animals. It has been claimed by SHAC that around 500 animals died everyday at HLS. A film was recorded secretly inside HLS in UK which was subsequently broadcasted on television channel as â€Å"It’s a Dog’s Life† showing serious breaches of animal protection laws. It has also shown the taunting of animals and a puppy held up by scruff of neck and was repeatedly punched in face. The laboratory technicians responsible for this activity were suspended from HLS after this broadcast. The campaign of Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty is based in US and UK which aimed to close the company Huntingdon Life Sciences. The methods of campaign are the direct action which are non-violent and demonstrations and lobbying. It not only targets HLS but any institution, company or person doing business allegedly with laboratory, whether as suppliers, clients, cleaning and disposal services and employees of those companies. So, HLS was forced to set up its own security, laundry service, catering and delivery as the outside su ppliers doing business with it declined. The campaign against HLS led to crash of its share price. The Royal Bank of Scotland closes its bank account and the British government arranged for the state owned Bank of England to give them an account. The share price of company fell down and was dropped from New York Stock Exchange as its market capitalisation fall below NYSE limits. The British Government then took decision to tackle the problem of extremism of animal rights. There was an enactment of a police campaign called Operation Achilles against SHAC, involving police officers in Amsterdam, England and Belgium. 32 people linked to the group were arrested and seven leading members of SHAC were found guilty of blackmail. As a consequence of the operation, most violent activists were jailed. Public relation campaign Following the major issues involved with Huntingdon Life Sciences, a suitable public relation campaign can be proposed to improve the public perception of company and to counteract the negative effects of animal rights lobby. Public relations refer to the forms of planned communication, both inward and outward, which occurs between an organisation and public in order to achieve specific objectives with effect

The Era of Reconstruction in American History and its Aftermath Essay - 1

The Era of Reconstruction in American History and its Aftermath - Essay Example The proposal culminated in the ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment, which formally abolished slavery in America. After the demise of Abraham Lincoln, who was the champion of reconstruction, Andrew Johnson continued his policies and vowed to abolish slavery altogether and reconstruct America. Various states moved fast to institute fundamental laws that curtailed the full acquisition of the rights of slaves. Mississippi quickly instituted the anti-black codes limiting the free movement of the freed slaves (Franklin 210). The Civil Rights Act occasioned a move by the Congress further to assert the changing status of former slaves. The Civil Rights Act conferred on former slaves the right to own and transfer property and the right to equal treatment as the white Americans. However, even with the ratification of the civil rights act, the definition of a â€Å"citizen† still remained obscured. In an affirmative move, the Congress passed the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution in 1867. The fundamental aim of the 14th amendment was to confer liberty and citizenship to the freed slaves. Prior formation of the civil rights act, various states employed various attempts to limit the freedom of former slaves. For instance, Louisiana adopted the grandfather clause that only allowed men to vote if their grandfathers were eligible voters prior to the civil war. The blacks in the south responded to these limitations by the states through mass migrations to the urban northern states. However, in a tactical move to stifle the interests of freed slaves, Washington in his Atlanta Compromise asserted the need for the slaves to engage in economic production and disenfranchise from social agitation. Du Bois philosophically attacked Washington for his stance against the freed slaves. In his â€Å"the souls of Black folks,† Du Bois agitated not only for education but equal access to education for the blacks (Franklin 254). He strongly expressed

Science for Informed Citizens Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Science for Informed Citizens - Essay Example A fundamental goal for science education is to stimulate, respond to and nourish such curiosity, wonder and questioning. Science provides us with one view of the world - a view that changes as our knowledge and understanding of science evolves. It extends our understanding beyond what affects us to include what we can't see, feel, hear or touch but can only imagine (VELS Science Discipline Strand, 2005) If a nation's best asset is its people, its future is its children. Hence, the major goal of science education is to educate and develop students that would become citizens capable of engaging in an informed debate regarding science and adheres to its code of ethics. The core values of science to society are: rationality, creativity, the search for truth, and an adherence to codes of honorable behavior. (Inter Academy Council, 2007) In addition, science is viewed or characterized as: impartial, neutral and autonomous. Science is impartial because there is no proper role for moral, social and any other non-cognitive values, alongside the cognitive (or epistemic) values, in the appraisal of the soundness of scientific understanding. Well conceived scientific practices produce a body of understanding that is neutral among contending value-outlooks that neither cognitively nor in practical applications do they favor the claims or interests of any particular value-outlooks. Its research practices are autonomous because their methodologies should be unencumbered by political, religious and other non-cognitive interests. (Lacey, 2001) Given its value and characteristics, the pursuit for science is defined or governed by its environment. Science in combination with technology plays an important role in modern society. Science is the discovery and explanation of nature. Once the manipulation of scientific understanding of nature is harnessed for human purposes, a new technology is developed. How this technology is harnessed is defined by social and cultural factors that surround it. Hence, science and technology are rooted in the society which creates them (Webster, 1991). If people learn and understand the value of science in order to enhance knowledge and productivity, the collective role of all citizens will help sustain a nation's growth and development. The imagination and vision that science brings to bear on theoretical speculations and practical problems, allows people to analyze present or future implications, make better choices, and invest resources wisely. This view and understanding of science brings global implications. Western science has a long history of denigrating knowledge and beliefs from native, indigenous, eastern cultures, and societies that use scientific methods outside their accepted ways and ethics. This are generally attributed to the traditional values and cultures of these nations which differ significantly from the values of mainstream science. (James, n.d)

The Era of Reconstruction in American History and its Aftermath Essay - 1

The Era of Reconstruction in American History and its Aftermath - Essay Example The proposal culminated in the ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment, which formally abolished slavery in America. After the demise of Abraham Lincoln, who was the champion of reconstruction, Andrew Johnson continued his policies and vowed to abolish slavery altogether and reconstruct America. Various states moved fast to institute fundamental laws that curtailed the full acquisition of the rights of slaves. Mississippi quickly instituted the anti-black codes limiting the free movement of the freed slaves (Franklin 210). The Civil Rights Act occasioned a move by the Congress further to assert the changing status of former slaves. The Civil Rights Act conferred on former slaves the right to own and transfer property and the right to equal treatment as the white Americans. However, even with the ratification of the civil rights act, the definition of a â€Å"citizen† still remained obscured. In an affirmative move, the Congress passed the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution in 1867. The fundamental aim of the 14th amendment was to confer liberty and citizenship to the freed slaves. Prior formation of the civil rights act, various states employed various attempts to limit the freedom of former slaves. For instance, Louisiana adopted the grandfather clause that only allowed men to vote if their grandfathers were eligible voters prior to the civil war. The blacks in the south responded to these limitations by the states through mass migrations to the urban northern states. However, in a tactical move to stifle the interests of freed slaves, Washington in his Atlanta Compromise asserted the need for the slaves to engage in economic production and disenfranchise from social agitation. Du Bois philosophically attacked Washington for his stance against the freed slaves. In his â€Å"the souls of Black folks,† Du Bois agitated not only for education but equal access to education for the blacks (Franklin 254). He strongly expressed

Little Traditions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Little Traditions - Assignment Example Their liberal tendencies may also be a function of demographics, in that Jews are usually more affluent and better educated than other populations. Thus the great tradition of American Jewry could be described as being untraditional in the devout, orthodox sense. This tradition of skepticism I believe could be linked to their refusal to believe in the divine powers of Jesus. Little Tradition Little traditions in my opinion are those that are not essential to the institutional structure of a society, and which can change without threatening the functioning of the culture, in contrast to great traditions which are required for the effective operation of that particular culture. For example great traditions can include family structure, religious and ethical values, political systems and economic institutions, etc. whereas little traditions can include those that put a â€Å"face† on a culture such as food, clothing, the arts and humor which can evolve without affecting the funda mental structure of a society. An example of a Jewish little tradition is portrayed in the book â€Å"25 Years of Jewish Humor†. (Yuan 2006)This book paints a picture of everyday Jewish life such as human foibles, family friends and dating. Sephardim According to the author (Ray 2008), the expulsion of Jews from Spain in 1492 created the conditions that eventually gave rise to the origin and development of a Jewish sub ethnic group, namely the Sephardim. The exiled Jews settled in the Mediterranean area and the throughout much of the rest of the world. The Sephardim immigrants were those Jews who did not integrate well in their host nations and felt alienated from them. Instead they identified strongly with where they considered as their homeland, whether that be Spain or Israel. Sephardim people, whether within Israel or elsewhere, could be described as Jewish fundamentalists as they are ultra religious, intolerant of non Jewish religion, very conservative in their values, a nd believe Israel must be a strong monolithic state to defend itself against its’ Arab neighbors. Ashkenazic The Ashkenazic Jewish identity developed as a counterpoint to the Sephardic one, and was facilitated by the 18th century codification of Jewish law, the â€Å"Shulla Arikh(Davis 2002) The coding of law can erase local differences, and serve a universalizing goal such as in the writing of a constitution to unite former separate states into one nation.. While Ashkenazic communities originated in Germany they spread throughout Central and Eastern Europe thereby becoming multi national and multi ethnic. The question then arose whether these immigrant Jews should adopt the customs of their new homeland or retain those of where they came from, and whether Ashkenazim should be defined in terms of residency, lineage, or â€Å"corporation.† †Corporation† in the medieval sense meant a community in which membership was permitted by residents implicitly to othe rs. Eventually the corporation designation prevailed so that the Ashkenazic community was one that self identified as such. Karo and other Jewish scholars felt that although some local variation was acceptable, there should be a base of fundamental law applicable to all Ashkenazic communities, and hence the codification of the â€Å"Shulla Aikh† Aided by the invention of the printing press, this codification was generally accepted in Ashkeazic communities in face

The criminal justice system in the United Kingdom

The criminal justice system in the United Kingdom Introduction: Justice is a human rights and law reform organization based in the United Kingdom. It is the British section of the International Commission of Jurists, the international human rights organization of lawyers devoted to the legal protection of human rights worldwide. Consequently, members of JUSTICE are predominantly barristers and solicitors, judges, legal academics, and law students. The main areas of Justices work are: Human rights Criminal justice European Union (EU) law The rule of the law The word fair is defined by Merriam-Websters Dictionary (2009) as marked by impartiality and honesty, free from self-interest, prejudice, or favoritism. Related words include just, equitable, impartial, unbiased, dispassionate, and objective, all of which mean free from favor toward either or any side. One additional term that is important for understanding fairness is desert. Desert refers to getting what you deserve, as in reward or punishment. The Criminal Justice System of England and Wales: The Criminal Justice System (CJS) is one of the major public services in the country, with over 400,000 staff across six agencies which work together to deliver criminal justice. The core agencies are the police, the Crown Prosecution Service, the courts, the National Offender Management Service (which covers prisons and probation) and the Youth Justice Board (which oversees Youth Offending Teams). Some services and initiatives within the CJS are run by a number of voluntary groups such as Victim Support and the National Association for the Care and Resettlement of Offenders (NACRO). The substantive aspect of the law reflects the what of the law, in that laws are created to define certain behaviors as crimes and to provide punishments for violations of those laws. Two main goals of Criminal Justice System: One goal of the criminal justice system is to reduce crime. Reducing crime can be achieved through reactive means, such as responding to a call for service, making an arrest, obtaining a criminal conviction, and carrying out the punishment imposed by the court, or through proactive means, such as eliminating the conditions that produce criminality. Another goal of criminal justice system is justice. They have to assure that they give justice to everyone without any discrimination. Justice should be above everything. Favorism should be eliminated from the root. Is criminal justice system fair? Before you decide whether the system is fit for purpose you have to decide what that purpose is. There is too much pressure on the criminal justice system because it is supposed to solve societys ills. But it is not the answer to everything; it cant be used to cope with the mentally ill, the homeless and problem teenagers. Thats not what it is designed for; it can never be fit for that purpose. Politicians have created a panic about crime so the public now fear there wont be enough space in prison for all the people who are guilty of offences. They have trapped themselves in a debate where they tell the public there is nothing wrong with the system, then enact more criminal laws to change it. One of the greatest challenges facing the criminal justice system is the need to balance the rights of accused criminals against societys interest in imposing punishments on those convicted of crimes. That is one view. An opposite view is the problem of wrongful convictions. A spate of wrongful convictions in Canada has resulted in judges in some jurisdictions being sent on a 3-day course on avoiding wrongful convictions. Why have these convictions occurred? Four factors have been identified: Overconfident eyewitnesses Bogus prosecution experts Lying jailhouse informants (who frequently invent confessions) Overzealous prosecutors or inept lawyers who jeopardize the right to trial of the accused. An additional factor in wrongful convictions is the tendency, particularly in high profile cases, of the press, police, and publicity-seeking public figures, to convict the accused prior to trial. As expected, comments on both sides of the debate are plentiful. Some of the critics of Sir John Stevens (head of the  Metropolitan Police Service from 2000 until 2005) suggest that social action is the best approach in cutting crime, so that the issue of criminal justice never comes up, since crimes will not be committed. Job creation is an excellent example of that approach. The problem, of course, is that organized and even disorganized, that is random crime is not affected by job creation. Gangs terrorizing neighborhoods are not impressed by flower-planting and make-work programs. The issue of the criminal justice system is therefore not addressed. Crimes will still occur and the criminal justice system will still have its problems. The other view, dealing with wrongful convictions, is equally as serious. When people sit, wrongly convicted, for 15 years, major miscarriages of justice occur. Another factor influencing the system is public opinion. The courts have a difficult balance to achieve while the courts should not be controlled by public sentiment, neither should they lose the confidence of the population. Let us look now at another country, the United States of America. When the former President, Mr. Bush, was Governor of Texas, that State had an incredible record of executions. Yet I didnt see crime, or more the fear of crime, decrease. The streets of Texas cities are empty even at midday due to concerns with crime. We have seen this situation in Houston and Dallas. You cannot find people out at night walking around. Instead, they live, if they can afford it, in gated communities. Now it is equally true that Texas has a strong gun culture. However, no one doubts that hardened criminals in any jurisdiction can obtain the firepower they want. Equally, liberal approaches to crime, such as that of Mr. Lionel Jospins government in France, have resulted in the police unwilling to enter certain neighborhoods and uncontrolled street gangs burning automobiles and Lorries. Do you notice something interesting with these examples? Whether the criminal justice system is restrictive or permissive, gang violence is rampant since the public order establishment (not just the police) have not addressed the situation by eliminating the gangs. Is that the answer? Would that return order and public confidence? Should the goal of the criminal justice system be the conviction of the guilty? Or fair trials for all? Or the elimination or reduction of crime? Equally, if fair trials are the goal, and crime still dominates, there will be no public satisfaction or confidence. Reform of Criminal Justice System: The Justice for All public service agreement (PSA 24) outlines a program of reforms for reducing crime and re-offending, and providing justice. This section sets out these programs against the main priority areas. Efficiency and effectiveness Making the system/process more efficient and effective at bringing offences to justice is a priority for the Criminal Justice System. This section covers the programs aiming to support this goal. Bichard 7 Business information strategy Cross-CJS alignment Exchange links Postal charging and requisitions Prisons to Court Video Links PROGRESS Secure eMail Virtual Courts Public confidence: The Criminal Justice System working effectively requires that people in local communities feel confident that it is fair, effective and meets local needs. This section covers the programs aiming to ensure local communities are informed about its performance, consulted and engaged about their priorities. Adult Conditional Cautions Community Engagement with the CJS Youth Crime Action Plan Victim and witness satisfaction: The Criminal Justice System exists to allow victims to seek redress. This section covers the programs aiming to help improve victims and witnesses satisfaction with the service provided by the CJS. Victims Pledge Witness Charter Race disproportional: The Criminal Justice System needs to be fair to all regardless of their background or situation. This section covers the programs aiming to help identify and address any unjustified disproportional with regard to race throughout the criminal justice process. Minimum Data Set Asset recovery The Criminal Justice System is concerned with seizing assets acquired by convicted criminals through their activities. This section covers the programs aiming to support the recovery of assets from criminals. Content will be available shortly. Compliance and enforcement: Ensuring that offenders and defendants comply with sentences and orders of the Criminal Justice System is integral to delivering an effective and efficient justice system that inspires public confidence and trust. This section covers programs aiming to produce an improved way of measuring compliance and enforcement performance. Compliance and enforcement measure. WORD COUNT:

My Jewish Identity in Conflict Essay -- Personal Narrative Writing

My Jewish Identity in Conflict When I think of my "cultural identity," my religion--Judaism--comes to mind first and foremost. When I think of my Jewish identity in conflict, racism (in my case "anti-Semitism") is the obvious factor. But to fully define my conflict with my religious identity, I cannot only write from personal experiences with racism. I must also include the anti-Semitism that my forefathers have endured, from the beginning of time up to today, ranging from the Spanish Inquisition to the Holocaust, from the massacre at the Munich Olympics to Iraq's actions in the Persian Gulf War. From direct racism and intended hatred to subtle racism in the form of jokes and passing comments, anti-Semitism has played a big part in my life, and a huge part in the history of my religion. From the beginning of time, Jews have been oppressed. Dating back to the times of Moses and on until the 15th century with the Spanish Inquisition, the Jewish people have been prosecuted solely because of their religious beliefs. Their courageous battles over time against their oppressors merit much admiration. Perhaps the Jewish people's greatest tragedy ever is the Holocaust of World War II. In Nazi Germany and throughout Europe in the 1930's and 40's, Jews were branded with yellow arm patches of Jewish stars. They were sandwiched onto boxcars--literally stacked on top of one another--and deported to concentration camps, where the old, the women, and the children were systematically murdered upon arrival. At liberation in 1945, over six million Jews had been killed in these inhumane concentration camps. Somehow, the Jews survived through Adolph Hitler and the Nazis to persevere. But discrimination continued. In 1972 at the Olympic Ga... ...ver hate someone because of their religion, or race, or creed, or descent. It is wrong, and I will never do it. I don't hate Palestinians; I hate their government and their cruel methods of what they call "freedom-fighting" (what most call terrorism). I don't hate Lebanese people; I despise their leader and his slaughterous ways. I used to stand up for my Judaism only in certain times, when I wouldn't feel embarrassed. Now, when my religious identity is challenged, I proudly stand up for my Judaism, defending my heritage at all times. We are taught never to forget. Forgive, but do not forget. Once these historical tragedies are forgotten, they will repeat themselves in disastrous, deadly fashion. It can be stopped. It must be stopped. It's up to each person to do their part. I'm just trying to do mine. A little piece of the puzzle, but each little piece counts.

The Newport Coast Structure :: Architecture Architects Building Essays

The Newport Coast Structure The Newport Coast structure that sits on the corner of Pacific Coast Highway and Newport Coast Dr. is one of many examples of Mediterranean-inspired architecture in Southern California. The building is clearly influenced by Roman architecture and stands out among the standard Spanish-looking villas and mission-type buildings. The structure lies near one of California's wealthiest neighborhoods, Newport Beach and acts as sort of a grand entrance to Newport Coast Dr. There are two of these structures which sit on opposite sides of Newport Coast Dr., framed by only a few palm trees and evergreens. Drivers passing along Southern California's coastline can catch a quick glimpse of these impressive buildings. The Newport Coast structure is constructed of concrete and painted a light beige. Eight thick columns support the extremely large entablature-like face of the structure. As architecture in a typically conservative Orange County, the Newport Coast structure dominates its surroundings. The Newport Coast structure is clearly a representation of Roman architecture in general, but more specifically, the sturdy columns and enlarged entablatures are reminiscent of the Tuscan order. Although the simplified columns may at first glance appear to be rather doric in their style, upon closer inspection they prove to be more similar to the less renowned Tuscan order. This in fact, does not diminish the influence the doric temples of Greek architecture had on the Etruscan invention of the Tuscan temple, but rather demonstrates yet again how one culture can inspire another artistically. The Tuscan order refers to "the variation that resembles the doric order, with an unfluted shaft and a simplified base, capital, and entablature" (Stokstad, 227). Like architecture of the Tuscan order, the Newport Coast structure's entablature is very plain and geometric in its form. The Tuscan order was originally used by the Etruscans around the time of 700-509 BCE and was later adopted by the Romans. Even though the Newport Coast structure and the Tuscan temple function differently in terms of public use, for the Tuscan temple was used by the Etruscans for religious purposes, their appearances prove to be strikingly similar. Not only does the Newport Coast structure resemble architecture of the Tuscan order, it makes use of the Roman round arch as well. The round arch in the Newport Coast structure has elements that are very similar to the Roman round arch. Outlined by wedge-shaped voussoirs, it looks like a simpler, more modern version of the Arch of Constantine.